Situationen i Ukraina just nu, del 4

The Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances refers to three identical political agreements signed at the OSCE conference in Budapest, Hungary on 5 December 1994, providing security assurances by its signatories relating to Belarus's, Kazakhstan's and Ukraine's accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The memorandum was originally signed by three nuclear powers, the Russian Federation, the United States of America, and the United Kingdom. China and France gave somewhat weaker individual assurances in separate documents.[1]

Under the agreement, the signatories offered Ukraine "security assurances" in exchange for its adherence to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The memorandum bundled together a set of assurances that Ukraine already held from the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) Final Act, United Nations Charter and Non-Proliferation Treaty.[1] The Ukrainian government nevertheless found it valuable to have these assurances in a Ukraine-specific document.[17][18]

The Budapest Memorandum was negotiated at political level, though it is not entirely clear whether the instrument is devoid entirely of legal provisions. It refers to assurances, but it does not impose a legal obligation of military assistance on its parties.[1][18] According to Stephen MacFarlane, a professor of international relations "It gives signatories justification if they take action, but it does not force anyone to act in Ukraine."[17] In the U.S. neither the George H. W. Bush administration nor the Clinton administration was prepared to give a military commitment to Ukraine, nor did they believe the U.S. Senate would ratify an international treaty, so the memorandum was adopted in more limited terms.[18]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budape...ity_Assurances

The parties in 1994 did not adopt an obligation of military action. The memorandum does require that the Russian Federation, United Kingdom and United States take certain, essentially procedural, steps, in certain circumstances. First (under paragraph 4), “if Ukraine should become a victim of an act of aggression or an object of a threat of aggression in which nuclear weapons are used,” the other three parties “reaffirm” that they will “seek immediate United Nations Security Council action to provide assistance to Ukraine.” This is an obligation of conduct, not an obligation of result.
https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-budapes...al-obligation/

And contrary to the implication in ( Steve Pifer) Steve’s piece, the United States has no commitments to defend Ukraine. There is no such obligation in the Budapest Memorandum. As then Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott (now president of Brookings), who led the negotiations on the memorandum, said at the time: “This [memorandum] does not mean the U.S. is willing to come to the defense of Ukraine if it is attacked militarily” (Agence France Presse, November 18, 1994). Any side offer of such a commitment made to the Ukrainians by U.S. diplomats and not notified to Congress has no standing.
https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order...-new-cold-war/

10. (C) Poroshenko asserted that Ukraine would continue its quest for security guarantees. Ukraine's goal would be to make the 1994 Budapest Memorandum legally binding, with all nuclear powers guaranteeing Ukraine's security. Poroshenko stressed that the focus would be on multilateral guarantees, and not on a bilateral guarantee from the U.S.
https://search.wikileaks.org/plusd/c...KYIV246_a.html

The participating States will refrain from any intervention, direct or indirect, individual or collective, in the internal or external affairs falling within the domestic jurisdiction of another participating State, regardless of their mutual relations.

They will accordingly refrain from any form of armed intervention or threat of such intervention against another participating State.

They will likewise in all circumstances refrain from any other act of military, or of political, economic or other coercion designed to subordinate to their own interest the exercise by another participating State of the rights inherent in its sovereignty and thus to secure advantages of any kind.

Accordingly, they will, inter alia, refrain from direct or indirect assistance to terrorist activities, or to subversive or other activities directed towards the violent overthrow of the regime of another participating State.

Underrubrik: International and Domestic Coercive Escalation
http://gordonhahn.com/2016/02/26/wor...y-2014/#_ftn24

Obviously, this is a bad idea (the renewal of the nuclear programme -Ed.) Possession of nuclear weapons is not a real option for Ukraine and will in no way strengthen Ukraine's security. Perhaps, it will do exactly the opposite," he said in an exclusive interview with the DW, which was published in Ukrainian site of the publication.
https://dninews.com/article/us-speci...aines-security

Four people have been injured in clashes between riot police and demonstrators demanding major reforms in Ukraine's capital Kiev.

They vowed to stay on, putting up tents and blocking the main road outside the parliament building in central Kiev.

"It is time for them to hear us," Mikheil Saakashvili, a former Georgian president and one-time regional governor in Ukraine, told the crowd of several thousand protesters.

President Poroshenko on Tuesday appeared to respond to the demands of the protesters by introducing in parliament a bill to strip lawmakers of their immunity.

Another demand - for changes to the current electoral system - will also be discussed by MPs later this week, reports say.

Last year, one leading index measuring perceptions of corruption rated Ukraine close to the bottom quarter of nations around the world.

Finland has seen a dramatic rise in foreign construction workers after steps to facilitate the employment of staff from outside of the European Economic Area (EEA). Ukrainians, in their pursuit of the European dream, reportedly lead the field.

In Finland, summer means an abundance of berries. In recent decades, the Nordic country has relied mostly on foreign labor to reap this harvest. Lately, however, Finland's berry-picking workforce has undergone a drastic change, with Ukrainian laborers replacing Thais, which were known to have dominated the business before.