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Vad är egentligen skillnaderna på de här två? Båda är en elektrokemisk process? Båda kan användas på aluminium?
Both being an electrochemical process yes, other than that I'd say they're totally different.
Not at all an expert but generally anodizing is done on Al, Mg and Ti. Al being most common of course. An aluminum piece at the anode in the bath lets oxide build up in a quite uniform and controlled matter, then often dyes are added to the porous oxide layer upon sealing it up. Dyes can be either organic or metal where metal dyes is better at keeping from fading. How AlO2 can be porous yet stronger remains a question to me.
Chromate conversion can apparently be performed on Al as well:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zWed-NISUY
But generally done on steel. An alternative to galvanizing. The piece act as the cathode in the chromate solution and is protected from corrosion. To 'anodize' Fe and use as an anode would mean the formation of iron oxides, naturally known to give no protective layer at all but rather accelerate the corrosion of the metal beneath.
Insight to industritechnology like this is sometimes hard to come by but I remember there to be a site called 'finishing' with good info on it. Also a google group on the matter, or if it was the same.