WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)
All 42 studies show a male advantage, median +0.24 sd or 4 IQ points
Table 5.5. Sex differences on the WAIS Full Scale IQ and Performance subtests; (ds; positive signs denote males score higher)
Country Test: N Full Scale IQ d Reference
Brazil WAIS-III: 3494 0.07 Victora et al., 2015
Canada WAIS-III: 1104 0.11 Longman et al., 2007
Chile WAIS-IV: 887 0.20 Diaz & Lynn, 2016
China WAIS-R: 1406 0.24 Dai et al., 1991
China WAIS-R: 1979 0.33 Lynn & Dai, 1993
China WAIS-R: 120 0.43 Yao et al., 2004
China WAIS-III: 888 0.29 Chen & Lynn, 2020c
China WAIS-IV: 311 0.62 Gao et al., 2015
Canada WAIS-III: 1104 0.11 Longman et al., 2007
Denmark WAIS: 62 0.21 Nyborg, 2005
Germany WAIS-IV: 1425 0.21 Daseking et al., 2017
Italy WAIS-R: 1168 0.45 Tommasi et al., 2015
Japan WAIS-R: 1402 0.22 Hattori & Lynn, 1997
Netherlands WAIS: 2100 0.27 Stinissen, 1977
Netherlands WAIS-III: 522 0.24 Van der Sluis et al., 2006
Romania WAIS: 100 0.44 Dumitrascu, 1999
Romania: Roma WAIS: 100 0.44 Dumitrascu, 1999
Russia WAIS: 296 0.13 Grigoriev et al., 2016
Russia WAIS: 1800 0.22 Grigoriev et al., 2016
Scotland WAIS-R: 200 0.39 Lynn, 1998
South Korea WAIS-IV: 1228 0.31 Lynn & Hur, 2016
Spain WAIS-III: 1369 0.24 Colom et al., 2002
Sudan WAIS-R: 330 0.31 Sulman et al., 2018
Sudan WAIS-R: 319 0.21 Sulman et al., 2018
Taiwan WAIS-III: 888 0.29 Chen & Lynn, 2021a
Taiwan WAIS-IV: 1105 0.35 Chen & Lynn, 2018
United States W-Bell: 235 0.59 Strange & Palmer, 1953
United States W-Bell: 153 0.20 Norman, 1953
United States W-Bell: 392 0.29 Goolishian & Foster, 1954
United States WAIS: 1700 0.10 Matarazzo, 1972
United States WAIS: 279 0.40 Boor, 1975
United States WAIS: 588 0.17 Horn et al., 1979
United States WAIS: 521 0.13 Turner & Willerman, 1977
United States WAIS: 649 0.09 Doppelt & Wallace, 1955
United States WAIS: 100 0.33 Shaw, 1965
United States WAIS-R: 230 0.27 Arceneaux et al., 1996
United States WAIS-R: 206 0.28 Ilai & Willerman, 1989
United States WAIS-R: 1880 0.15 Matarazzo et al., 1986
United States WAIS-III: 2450 0.18 Irwing, 2012
United States WAIS-IV: 2200 0.15 Piffer, 2016
United States WAIS-III: 850 0.04 Du Pont et al., 2020
Median 0.24
Raven’s Progressive Matrices
32 of the 33 studies found a male advantage, median 0.3 SD or 4.5 IQ points
Table 4.3. Sex differences (ds) for the Standard and Advanced Progressive Matrices in general population samples aged 20-80 years. Minus signs denote higher means obtained by females.
Country N:M N:F d Reference
Britain 300 240 0.29 Heron & Chown, 1967
Hungary 250 250 0.17 Szegedi, 1974
Israel 100 100 0.31 Guttman, 1974
Hawaii 939 971 0.37 Wilson et al., 1975
Taiwan 225 225 1.33 Adair & Pollitt, 1985
Belgium 850 979 0.31 Deltour, 1993
Belgium 101 174 0.38 Deltour, 1993
USA 63 80 0.16 Sitkei & Michael, 1996
Belgium** 564 802 0.21 Dufouil et al., 1997
Brazil 1921 741 0.28 Campos, 1999
USA** 92 114 0.31 Salthouse, 2001
Scotland 210 217 0.11 Deary et al., 2004
Scotland 230 313 0.29 Deary et al., 2004
Guatemala 683 786 0.52 Martorell et al., 2005
Brazil** 104 265 0.49 Rossetti et al., 2009
Pakistan 997 1019 0.04 Ahmad et al., 2008
Morocco 92 110 0.38 Sellami et al., 2010
Spain 101 157 0.15 Diaz et al., 2010
Sudan 115 125 0.12 Khaleefa et al., 2010
N. Zealand 143 187 0.22 Fletcher & Hattie, 2011
Argentina 374 390 -0.02 Flynn, 2012
Libya 300 300 0.37 Al-Shahomee, 2012
Libya 260 260 0.36 Al-Shahomee & Lynn, 2012
Brazil** 454 534 0.10 Flores-Mendoza et al., 2013
Brazil** 161 386 0.65 Braga et al., 2014
Serbia 62 74 0.27 Čvorović & Lynn, 2014
Romania* 618 823 0.18 Iliescu et al., 2016
Australia** 128 327 0.30 Waschl et al., 2016
Brazil** 381 216 0.43 Flores-Mendoza et al., 2016
USA*** 393 503 0.21 Van der Linden et al., 2017
Poland** 218 218 0.12 Gignac & Zajenkowski, 2019
USA*** 346 399 0.05 Du Pont et al., 2020
Portugal 250 272 0.34 Queiro-Garcia et al., 2021
Median – – 0.30 –
WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)
All 42 studies show a male advantage, median +0.24 sd or 4 IQ points
Table 5.5. Sex differences on the WAIS Full Scale IQ and Performance subtests; (ds; positive signs denote males score higher)
Country Test: N Full Scale IQ d Reference
Brazil WAIS-III: 3494 0.07 Victora et al., 2015
Canada WAIS-III: 1104 0.11 Longman et al., 2007
Chile WAIS-IV: 887 0.20 Diaz & Lynn, 2016
China WAIS-R: 1406 0.24 Dai et al., 1991
China WAIS-R: 1979 0.33 Lynn & Dai, 1993
China WAIS-R: 120 0.43 Yao et al., 2004
China WAIS-III: 888 0.29 Chen & Lynn, 2020c
China WAIS-IV: 311 0.62 Gao et al., 2015
Canada WAIS-III: 1104 0.11 Longman et al., 2007
Denmark WAIS: 62 0.21 Nyborg, 2005
Germany WAIS-IV: 1425 0.21 Daseking et al., 2017
Italy WAIS-R: 1168 0.45 Tommasi et al., 2015
Japan WAIS-R: 1402 0.22 Hattori & Lynn, 1997
Netherlands WAIS: 2100 0.27 Stinissen, 1977
Netherlands WAIS-III: 522 0.24 Van der Sluis et al., 2006
Romania WAIS: 100 0.44 Dumitrascu, 1999
Romania: Roma WAIS: 100 0.44 Dumitrascu, 1999
Russia WAIS: 296 0.13 Grigoriev et al., 2016
Russia WAIS: 1800 0.22 Grigoriev et al., 2016
Scotland WAIS-R: 200 0.39 Lynn, 1998
South Korea WAIS-IV: 1228 0.31 Lynn & Hur, 2016
Spain WAIS-III: 1369 0.24 Colom et al., 2002
Sudan WAIS-R: 330 0.31 Sulman et al., 2018
Sudan WAIS-R: 319 0.21 Sulman et al., 2018
Taiwan WAIS-III: 888 0.29 Chen & Lynn, 2021a
Taiwan WAIS-IV: 1105 0.35 Chen & Lynn, 2018
United States W-Bell: 235 0.59 Strange & Palmer, 1953
United States W-Bell: 153 0.20 Norman, 1953
United States W-Bell: 392 0.29 Goolishian & Foster, 1954
United States WAIS: 1700 0.10 Matarazzo, 1972
United States WAIS: 279 0.40 Boor, 1975
United States WAIS: 588 0.17 Horn et al., 1979
United States WAIS: 521 0.13 Turner & Willerman, 1977
United States WAIS: 649 0.09 Doppelt & Wallace, 1955
United States WAIS: 100 0.33 Shaw, 1965
United States WAIS-R: 230 0.27 Arceneaux et al., 1996
United States WAIS-R: 206 0.28 Ilai & Willerman, 1989
United States WAIS-R: 1880 0.15 Matarazzo et al., 1986
United States WAIS-III: 2450 0.18 Irwing, 2012
United States WAIS-IV: 2200 0.15 Piffer, 2016
United States WAIS-III: 850 0.04 Du Pont et al., 2020
Median 0.24
Raven’s Progressive Matrices
32 of the 33 studies found a male advantage, median 0.3 SD or 4.5 IQ points
Table 4.3. Sex differences (ds) for the Standard and Advanced Progressive Matrices in general population samples aged 20-80 years. Minus signs denote higher means obtained by females.
Country N:M N:F d Reference
Britain 300 240 0.29 Heron & Chown, 1967
Hungary 250 250 0.17 Szegedi, 1974
Israel 100 100 0.31 Guttman, 1974
Hawaii 939 971 0.37 Wilson et al., 1975
Taiwan 225 225 1.33 Adair & Pollitt, 1985
Belgium 850 979 0.31 Deltour, 1993
Belgium 101 174 0.38 Deltour, 1993
USA 63 80 0.16 Sitkei & Michael, 1996
Belgium** 564 802 0.21 Dufouil et al., 1997
Brazil 1921 741 0.28 Campos, 1999
USA** 92 114 0.31 Salthouse, 2001
Scotland 210 217 0.11 Deary et al., 2004
Scotland 230 313 0.29 Deary et al., 2004
Guatemala 683 786 0.52 Martorell et al., 2005
Brazil** 104 265 0.49 Rossetti et al., 2009
Pakistan 997 1019 0.04 Ahmad et al., 2008
Morocco 92 110 0.38 Sellami et al., 2010
Spain 101 157 0.15 Diaz et al., 2010
Sudan 115 125 0.12 Khaleefa et al., 2010
N. Zealand 143 187 0.22 Fletcher & Hattie, 2011
Argentina 374 390 -0.02 Flynn, 2012
Libya 300 300 0.37 Al-Shahomee, 2012
Libya 260 260 0.36 Al-Shahomee & Lynn, 2012
Brazil** 454 534 0.10 Flores-Mendoza et al., 2013
Brazil** 161 386 0.65 Braga et al., 2014
Serbia 62 74 0.27 Čvorović & Lynn, 2014
Romania* 618 823 0.18 Iliescu et al., 2016
Australia** 128 327 0.30 Waschl et al., 2016
Brazil** 381 216 0.43 Flores-Mendoza et al., 2016
USA*** 393 503 0.21 Van der Linden et al., 2017
Poland** 218 218 0.12 Gignac & Zajenkowski, 2019
USA*** 346 399 0.05 Du Pont et al., 2020
Portugal 250 272 0.34 Queiro-Garcia et al., 2021
Median – – 0.30 –
https://www.quora.com/Are-there-fewer-gifted-women-than-gifted-men/answer/Bruno-Campello-de-Souza
However, contrary to what is widely cited, there is an overwhelmingly large number of studies where women have a slightly lower mean IQ compared to men, a difference of 1.8–5.0 points depending on the study.
...
The reason why there are studies pointing towards no differences in average IQ between the sexes, but a greater dispersion for men, or even a slight difference in favor of women, is that girls tend to enter puberty at a younger age than boys. When that factor is accounted for, or the study involves only adults, one finds a consistent small male advantage in the mean, which translates into a much higher proportion of men at the upper tail of the distribution and a lower proportion at the lower end.
...
I have recently compiled some data on the IQs of some 3,596 adults (aged 18+ years) in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, finding that, in spite of there being no difference between the sexes in terms of age and level of education, the mean for men was 103.3 and for women 99.8, a 3.5 point difference which is consistent with the aforementioned studies.
Se även: https://youtu.be/I8BRdwgPChQ
Roman Empire (late stages)
As the empire weakened, women, especially from elite classes, gained more visibility in public life. This included involvement in religious and social reforms.
Qing Dynasty (China, late 19th-early 20th century)
Amidst internal revolutions, foreign invasions, and economic challenges, feminist movements emerged, advocating for greater rights, education, and opportunities for women.
Soviet Union (1980s-1990s)
During the collapse of the Soviet Union, women saw greater opportunities in the workforce and leadership roles, paralleling the political and economic turmoil of the time.
French Revolution (late 18th century)
The revolution marked significant changes in gender roles, with women engaging in political activism, such as advocating for the right to vote and participating in public demonstrations.
Weimar Republic (Germany, 1919-1933)
As the Weimar Republic struggled with political instability and economic hardship, women gained more social and political rights, including the right to vote and increased representation in the workforce.
Ancient Greece (post-Alexander the Great)
Following the collapse of the classical Greek city-state system, women in certain areas like Sparta experienced more independence and public roles compared to more conservative regions like Athens.
The Ottoman Empire (19th century)
As the empire began to weaken, movements advocating for women's rights, particularly in education and social participation, emerged, although these changes were often gradual.
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