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Mr. Xi’s leadership style stands in contrast to that of his predecessor, Hu Jintao, who made decisions collectively with the Standing Committee, the academic said. Unlike Mr. Xi’s, Mr. Hu’s connections with the Chinese military were fairly distant.

Senior Obama administration officials say they believe that Mr. Xi made all the major strategic decisions since the Sunnylands meeting virtually single-handedly. These include the imposition of the air defense zone in airspace claimed by Japan last November and the dispatch in May belonging to a Chinese energy company into waters also claimed by Vietnam, they said. Mr. Xi’s top-down style makes navigating Beijing’s opaque bureaucratic system even more hazardous for the Obama administration. A much ballyhooed national security commission set up by Mr. Xi has turned out to be focused more on domestic policy than on foreign, Chinese analysts say. In the usual pecking order, the state councilor, Yang Jiechi, a former foreign minister and former ambassador to the United States, would serve as Mr. Xi’s chief foreign policy adviser. That was certainly the case when Dai Bingguo held the job under Hu Jintao, and Mr. Dai became the go-to person for many American officials, Chinese and American analysts say. But Mr. Yang apparently does not have a close relationship with Mr. Xi. Instead, Mr. Xi appears to rely on Wang Huning, director of policy research of the office of the Communist Party’s Central Committee, who accompanies the president almost everywhere and almost always sits at the head of the Chinese delegation, as he did during Mr. Xi’s visit to the South Korean capital last week.