Pengar är en ytterst viktig aspekt i bekämpningen av Daesh, det finns en anledning till att amerikanernas första delmål var att slå ut organisationens inkomstkällor. Det gjordes ett par undersökningar om AQI 2005 och uppåt där intressanta resultat presenterades. Observera att det finns en direkt korrelation mellan en vis mängd pengar och antal attacker.
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The records show that AQI was a bureaucratic, hierarchical organization that exercised tight financial control over its largely criminally derived revenue streams. Using attack reports and AQI’s spending data, we find that attacks statistically increased at a rate of one per every $2,700 sent by the provincial administration to a sector group within the province, suggesting that AQI paid not only for materiel but also for important expenses related to organizational sustainment, such as compensation and rents. AQI members were paid less and simultaneously faced a much greater risk of death than the general Anbar population, which suggests that financial rewards were not a primary reason for joining the group. Our findings imply that financial interdiction is one useful tool for slowing and disrupting militant attacks, but that neither interdiction nor material demobilization incentives on their own will be effective in ending a militant group.
http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2010/RAND_MG1026.pdf
Det var en byråkratisk, hieratisk organisation som hade rigorös kontroll över finanserna, ovanpå detta hade dom underbetalda medlemmar i jämförelse med traktens vanliga befolkning. Det som inte nämns här är att dom även var stenrika. Deras avdelning i Anbar hade så mycket inkomster så de skickade regelbundet pengar till andra avdelningar och AQ central (Afghanistan/Pakistan). I följande citat framgår det att AQI ekonomiska makt på sett och vis rubbat den hierarkiska ordningen inom AQ frainchaizen, då AQC ledaren "ber" om pengar i ett läge då han varit i gräl med AQI ledaren.
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In a July 2005 letter to Zarqawi, Zawahiri humbly asked the leader of AQI if he could spare "a payment of approximately one hundred thousand" because "many of the lines have been cut off." Zawahiri swallowing hi spride and seeking support from the leader of AQI, despite the strained relationship among the two groups, was a clear indication of AQI's superiority in running a selfsufficient operation.
http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/testimony/LevittTestimony20141113.pdf
Nu vet ni lite gran om organisationen samt deras maktförhållande till centralen, alltså själva originalet. Ni kanske också har noterat att pengar har en påtagligt central roll och undrar varifrån pengarna kommer?
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Unlike al-Qaeda, ISIS has been financially selfsufficient for at least eight years by virtue of engaging in tremendously successful criminal activity enterprises on the ground in Iraq. According to a November 2006 U.S. government assessment cited in the New York Times AQI and other groups had created a selfsustaining insurgency in Iraq, raising $70 million to $200 million a year from illegal activities alone. 49 Documents from the Department of Defense's Harmony Database indicate that "outside donations amounted to only a tiny fraction no more than 5 percent of the group's operating budgets from 2005 until 2010, when Baghdadi took over after the deaths of two superiors."
Under två år (information släpptes nov 2014) fick dom in 40 miljoner dollar från privata finansiärer, övervägande från Gulfen. För att få en någorlunda bild kan man jämföra med Hizbolla som får 400 m dollar per år från Iran.
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Still, ISIS has accumulated as much as $40 million or more over the last two years from donors in the oil rich nations of Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Kuwait.
på 13 dagar får Daesh in samma mängd pengar som 2 års extern finansiering. Det gäller bara från oljeförsäljning.
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By September, estimates put ISIS's daily income at around $3 million, giving it a total value of assets between $1.3 and $2 billion, making it the world's best funded terrorist group. By this standard, ISIS draws more income than many small nations, including Tonga, Nauru, and the Marshall Islands.
Skatteintäkter.
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But ISIS reportedly takes in a few million dollars a month in "taxes" alone in Mosul. Most of these "taxes" are levied on companies and individuals.
Beskattning av varor.
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ISIS also levies taxes on goods and all vehicles and trucks bringing those goods, including oil, into population centers like Mosul. A large truck typically pays $400, while small trucks are charged $100 and cars $50 if they are also carrying goods. As part of their broader effort to increase civilian ISIS mutual dependence, ISIS has seized up to 40% of Iraqi's wheat production, including sixteen silos. Farmers are forced to pay a tax, either in cash or wheat, much higher than what they sell their product for. For example, a kilo of wheat used to sell for 10,000 ,11,000 dinars, but now goes for 4,000 5,000, primarily because it was stolen and advertised on the black market.
Försäljning av arkeologiska fynd.
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More than a third of Iraq's 12,000 archaeological sites are under ISIS control. Excavating and selling artifacts that date back to 9,000 BCE has provided ISIS its second largest revenue stream after illicit oil sales. Many of these items are smuggled into Europe via Turkey, Iran, and Syria. While it is nearly impossible to estimate the total profits of selling these artifacts, it is known that one lion sculpture from the region sold for more than $50 million in New York in 2007. Most of ISIS's captured historical gems have not been publicized, but could fetch similarly hefty sums.
Lösen från kidnappningar och det vidriga människohandeln.
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Lastly, ransom payments from kidnappings may comprise nearly 20% of ISIS's revenue. Treasury Undersecretary Cohen has estimated that ISIS has received $20 million in ransoms this year alone. Kurdish forces estimate the group takes in $10 million a month from kidnapping. France may have paid $18 million for four of its captured journalists in April. Internally, ISIS manages a thriving sex trafficking industry. Estimates of the number of kidnapped Yazidi women and girls forced into marriage or sex slavery range from 2,500 to 4,000. Women are sold at a low price, however, often as low as $10, mainly to attract more ISIS recruits, not as a fundraising mechanism.
Daesh har varit ekonomiskt självförsörjande de senaste 8 åren och de har fått in det mesta av sina pengar ifrån Irak. Det går knappt att jämföra resten av AQ med Daesh pga den ekonomiska aspekten och framgångarna. Den enda skillnaden som kan förklara detta är väl gruppens sammansättning. De består till stor del av föredetta baathister med goda kunskaper och erfarenhet i statsfinans, organisationsuppbyggnad, militär, underrättelsetjänst samt även kontaktnät. När Saddam satt i Bagdad så utgjorde dessa personer en stor andel av statsapparaten.
På den första länken finns det detaljerad information om gruppens ekonomi runt 2005. här nämns fler inkomstkällor och verksamheter. Resten av citaten är från andra länken och informationen där gäller tiden som är närmare oss.
