Citat:
Om barn och smittspridning:Men ... Norge har ju haft lockdown -så de har stoppat smittspridning typ helt ...
... så om de mäter om smittspridningen ökat nu när de öppnat skolorna,
blir det väl rätt så fel, för har de ingen smitta, så det finns ingen smitta som kan spridas i skolor?
Det framgick inte av den artikeln vad de uttalade sig om och hur de har mätt.
... så om de mäter om smittspridningen ökat nu när de öppnat skolorna,
blir det väl rätt så fel, för har de ingen smitta, så det finns ingen smitta som kan spridas i skolor?
Det framgick inte av den artikeln vad de uttalade sig om och hur de har mätt.
The first community-wide epidemic of Asian influenza in the United
States, which began in late July 1957, i.e. in the mid-summer, occurred in [s.246]
Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana, 2 weeks after the schools opened. 20 The
schools had opened in that area earlier than elsewhere in the United
States; and, as schools began to open in other parts of the country, epi-
demics began to occur first in the schools and then in the community. 21 In
a study in England and Wales in 1957, it was claimed, erroneously I
believe, that ‘no consistent relationship was observed between the dates of
re-assembly of schools and the establishment of epidemic conditions in
the local communities’ and that ‘the aggregation of children in schools
was not necessarily a decisive factor in the early stages of the influenza epi-
demic in England and Wales’. Nonetheless, in seventeen of twenty
communities, the schools had reassembled one or more weeks before the
beginning of community-wide outbreaks; 22 and in none of the seventeen
had the schools reassembled for more than 3 weeks before the commun-
ity-wide outbreaks.
In the 1970s there were several demonstrations of the role of school
children as introducers of influenza infection into the broader commun-
ity: in the Seattle Virus Watch study, 23 school-age children played the
major role in introducing infection into their households in four epi-
demics (two A/H3N2, one A/H1N1, one B). The exact age-group of the
introducers varied, with children 5–9 being more often introducers of the
A/H3N2 epidemics and teenagers being the more frequent introducers in
the A/H1N1 and B epidemics. Glezen and Couch 24 showed that in two
A/H3N2 epidemics in Houston, the A/Port Chalmers and A/Victoria epi-
demics, there was a predominance of cases among school children in the
early stages of each epidemic and there was a peak in school absenteeism
before other community epidemic phenomena. Interestingly, the highest
attack rates were seen in pre-school children. Finally, in Port Chalmers,
New Zealand, itself a semi-isolated community, the principal introducers
of the 1973 epidemic were school age children. 25
Building upon the ideas that school children are a large, susceptible
population for influenza within a community, that they often have high
attack rates during influenza epidemics, and that they appear often to be
introducers, Monto et al. performed a study 26 in which they immunised
school children in Tecumseh, Michigan in the autumn of 1968. These
children were the only ones in the community who had the opportunity to
receive vaccine. When the A/Hong Kong/68 epidemic struck, there was
three times as much illness in a neighbouring community as in Tecumseh.
In the Novgorod study, 27 in a much larger community, large numbers of
school children, in more than thirty schools, were immunised with live
attenuated vaccine, inactivated vaccine, or placebo. The study was per-
formed over multiple years, and there were epidemics in two of those
years, [s.247]
Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918-19. New Perspectives (Studies in the Social History of Medicine) (2001) - Howard Phillips, David Killingray
States, which began in late July 1957, i.e. in the mid-summer, occurred in [s.246]
Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana, 2 weeks after the schools opened. 20 The
schools had opened in that area earlier than elsewhere in the United
States; and, as schools began to open in other parts of the country, epi-
demics began to occur first in the schools and then in the community. 21 In
a study in England and Wales in 1957, it was claimed, erroneously I
believe, that ‘no consistent relationship was observed between the dates of
re-assembly of schools and the establishment of epidemic conditions in
the local communities’ and that ‘the aggregation of children in schools
was not necessarily a decisive factor in the early stages of the influenza epi-
demic in England and Wales’. Nonetheless, in seventeen of twenty
communities, the schools had reassembled one or more weeks before the
beginning of community-wide outbreaks; 22 and in none of the seventeen
had the schools reassembled for more than 3 weeks before the commun-
ity-wide outbreaks.
In the 1970s there were several demonstrations of the role of school
children as introducers of influenza infection into the broader commun-
ity: in the Seattle Virus Watch study, 23 school-age children played the
major role in introducing infection into their households in four epi-
demics (two A/H3N2, one A/H1N1, one B). The exact age-group of the
introducers varied, with children 5–9 being more often introducers of the
A/H3N2 epidemics and teenagers being the more frequent introducers in
the A/H1N1 and B epidemics. Glezen and Couch 24 showed that in two
A/H3N2 epidemics in Houston, the A/Port Chalmers and A/Victoria epi-
demics, there was a predominance of cases among school children in the
early stages of each epidemic and there was a peak in school absenteeism
before other community epidemic phenomena. Interestingly, the highest
attack rates were seen in pre-school children. Finally, in Port Chalmers,
New Zealand, itself a semi-isolated community, the principal introducers
of the 1973 epidemic were school age children. 25
Building upon the ideas that school children are a large, susceptible
population for influenza within a community, that they often have high
attack rates during influenza epidemics, and that they appear often to be
introducers, Monto et al. performed a study 26 in which they immunised
school children in Tecumseh, Michigan in the autumn of 1968. These
children were the only ones in the community who had the opportunity to
receive vaccine. When the A/Hong Kong/68 epidemic struck, there was
three times as much illness in a neighbouring community as in Tecumseh.
In the Novgorod study, 27 in a much larger community, large numbers of
school children, in more than thirty schools, were immunised with live
attenuated vaccine, inactivated vaccine, or placebo. The study was per-
formed over multiple years, and there were epidemics in two of those
years, [s.247]
Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918-19. New Perspectives (Studies in the Social History of Medicine) (2001) - Howard Phillips, David Killingray
