Mycket bra forskar-artikel om stay behind:
även lite om organisations- och beslutsstruktur
http://mercury.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/15251/ichaptersection_singledocument/7e54bba9-c339-45a9-800f-9a1b8800d6f7/en/07_Ganser27.pdf
möjligtvis är denna artikel om turkiets grå vargar också intressant:
http://mercury.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/99724/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/7c202941-560f-4238-b483-893a6e7ee334/en/No_23_Turkey%27s_Deep-State.pdf
om sverige:
In 1990, the government of neutral Sweden found it difficult to face the fact that a secret stay-behind army linked to NATO had existed in the country during the Cold War. A few years later, in the absence of an official parliamentary investigation or governmental explanation, the Swedish secret soldiers spoke out themselves and added their perspective. “I have met, among others, Americans and Canadians during this work. Above all we cooperated with Great Britain. They were our masters in the art of running a secret resistance network,” Swedish stay-behind member Reinhold Geijer explained. He insisted the Swedish government must have been aware of the secret army, as the domestic security police Säkerhetspolis (SÄPO) had regularly helped with the recruitment of stay-behind soldiers.98
“We selected suitable individuals, had them checked by the SÄPO, and, if accepted, we cautiously approached them with defence questions, and in the end confronted them with a direct question,” Geijer recalled of the recruitment procedure. Thereafter, the key officers of the network were trained by the British secret service and special forces. “In 1959 I went via London to a farm outside Eaton,” Geijer recalled of such a training session. Geijer stated, “This was done under the strictest secrecy procedures, with for instance a forged passport. I was not even allowed to call my wife. The aim of the training was to learn how to use dead letter box techniques to receive and send secret messages, and other James Bond style exercises. The British were very tough. I sometimes had the feeling that we were overdoing it.”99
Some Swedes were greatly surprised to learn a member of their family had served in the secret army while preparing for a Soviet invasion. “I always thought that all these Sunday excursions were for our benefit!” the daughter of a secret soldier explained to the press after the death of her father with disappointment and disbelief. She added, “And now I learn that these excursions have not been mere amusement. And although what he did was honorable, I now feel mislead. My father had other sides, of which I have never heard.” The daughter of another secret soldier declared, “I have never learned anything of all this,” and insisted the name of her father must remain secret. According to her, “Who knows where the discovery of military secrets will lead to?”100
Even today, the Swedish government has been very reluctant to comment on the secret army. In 1990, General Bengt Gustafsson, Sweden’s chief of staff, confirmed that a stay-behind network had existed in the country, but incorrectly added that neither NATO nor the CIA had been involved.101 CIA officer Paul Garbler, who had served two tours of duty in Sweden, corrected that Sweden was a “direct participant” in the network, adding, “I’m not able to talk about it without causing the Swedes a good deal of heartburn.”102 In the absence of an official governmental investigation into the Swedish secret army, it is impossible to judge whether the network against a Soviet invasion was also linked to acts of terrorism. Allegations in the press that the secret army had been involved in the assassination of Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme in 1986 due to his intention to transform Scandinavia into a nuclear arms free zone remained unfounded.
NORGE:
In 1978, a Norwegian policeman tracking illegally produced alcohol stumbled across a large underground arms cache containing at least sixty weapons including many machine guns, 12,000 rounds of ammunition, explosives, and sophisticated communications equipment.92 Hans Otto Meyer, the owner of the property and a member of the Norwegian Intelligence Service (NIS), was arrested. But to the surprise of the investigators his claim that the arsenal had been put up by the NIS for use by a resistance cell was eventually confirmed when Defense Minister Rolf Hansen declared in front of parliament that Norway needed a stay-behind army for its national security. Hansen claimed at the time that the Norwegian network was not answerable to NATO or other countries, and he dismissed any connection to the CIA while at the same time he insisted that he could not discuss details of the organization’s activities because they had to be kept secret.93
In the wake of the discoveries in 1990 of the secret armies across Western Europe, journalists pressed the Norwegian defense department for an explanation. Defense Ministry spokesman Erik Senstad replied, “What Hansen said then still applies.”94 Subsequent research by Norwegian historian Olaf Riste revealed the Norwegian secret army was codenamed Rocambole (ROC), and run by the Norwegian secret service known as NIS. There are no proven links to any acts of terrorism, and as in Denmark, Belgium, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, and other countries, “the philosophy behind ROC was clearly based on the lessons learnt during the German occupation a few years earlier.”95
Vilhelm Evang, director of the NIS, and Jens Christian Hague, the Norwegian defense minister, had built up the stay-behind army after World War Two. Both were convinced that, Norway had to be better prepared for a potential invasion and occupation. With regard to a potential domestic front, Evang drew up plans to be activated in case of an internal coup d’état, and planned for missions to guard against “fifth-column” communist subversive activities.
Cooperation with the CIA, MI6, and NATO was intense, but not always without complications. In 1957, Evang learned that the United States was not respecting Norway’s sovereignty when a United States official was arrested. This official, operating on NATO’s orders, was secretly collecting data on Norwegian citizens who shared strongly pacifist convictions and a negative attitude towards NATO. Evang was furious and demanded that this affair had to be the first item on the agenda at the next meeting of the Clandestine Planning Committee (CPC) in Paris on November 19, 1957. At the meeting, Evang threatened that Norway would leave the CPC if NATO continued to secretly violate the sovereignty of its members. He claimed “[a]s far as Norway is concerned, our interest in CPC planning as such has declined steadily since 1954 because there is no future in it for us. We are of the opinion that we are developing a Stay Behind which is to be used at home for the purpose of liberation from an occupation.”96 Brigadier Simon, chief of NATO’s Special Projects Branch at SHAPE with responsibilities also for CPC, could not calm the anger of Evang, and NATO had to present a letter of apology and a promise that it would never again violate Norway’s sovereignty before Evang would agree that the Norwegian secret army ROC could continue to participate in the secret NATO operations.97
