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Ursprungligen postat av
Worldwatcher
Frihet är inte ett politiskt begrepp och definitivt inget som libertarianismen har monopol på. Hur många gånger under historiens gång tror du inte att parollen frihet använts? Sen är ju liberalismens och libertaranismens frihetsbegrepp definierad i negativ mening. Det är frihet från, inte att. Därför går det utmärkt för liberalism och libertarianism att kombinera frihet med jämlikhet. För högern är det en omöjlighet.
Varför är inte frihet ett politiskt begrepp?
Om du menar att det inte är det för att folk har definierat det olika, så är det som att "höger", "vänster", "socialist" eller "konservativ" inte heller är politiska begrepp för att folk definierat det olika.
Sedan, ja libertarianismen är inte de enda som säger sig kunna definiera frihet på sitt sätt. Men nu så handlar det om hur människorna runt 1800 använde ordet.
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Ursprungligen postat av
Worldwatcher
Anarkister eftersträvar ingen planekonomi. Det bör du känna till. Men anarkism är likväl en egalitär och anti-auktoritär vänsterlära och där har libertarianismen sina rötter.
Jag har ingen jättebra koll på anarko-kommunister, men från vad jag förstått hur de vill sköta sin ekonomi så skall det vara en sorts centralplanerad ekonomi, men att den skall vara rätt småskalig och frivillig att ingå. (Sedan finns det ju en hel del som kallar sig anarkister men som i själva verket är socialister.)
Libertarianismen är annars definitivt anti-auktoritär och för jämlikhet i den mening jag tog upp förut (ser ned på social rangordning baserat på statsmakten och irrationella ideologier). Men, det får den ifrån den klasssiska liberalismen och inte ifrån anarko-kommunismen. Nästan alla centrala delar i den moderna libertarianismen fanns redan 1850; den enda delen som inte var helt utvecklad var anarko-kapitalismen.
Se David M. Harts artikel om anti-statlig klassisk liberalism, de verkliga föregångarna till modern libertarianism:
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Ursprungligen postat av THE IDEA OF THE “WITHERING AWAY OF THE STATE”: 19TH CENTURY LIBERAL AND MARXIST PERSPECTIVES[/quote
One of the most thoroughgoing statements of the Leveller defense of natural rights in property and liberty is Richard Overton's "An Arrow Against All Tyrants," written from prison in 1646. In this tract, Overton was able to abstract the principles of natural rights from the more general question of religious liberty and was thus able to develop a secular theory of rights as a basis for political rights. (...)
Another major intellectual current that influenced the anti-statism of 19thC liberal thought was the economic ideas of Adam Smith and Jean-Baptiste Say. Both these theorists described how society would operate in the absence of government control and intervention in the economy. Smith argued that government intervention was immoral, because it violated individuals' natural rights to property, and that it was generally inefficient. The selfish actions of individuals in the unhampered market promoted the general interest in spite of having no explicit intention of doing so. (...)
To a liberal like Say, force could never legitimize the activity of the state, even in so important a matter as taxation. Say went to great pains to denounce the use of force in all human affairs, especially when used by the state or the privileged political classes.31 The state was nothing more than a tool used by the politically privileged to maintain an "artificial order" which "endures only through force, and which can never be reestablished without injustice and violence."32 It was because the state was an artificial body that it had to be limited in scope as much as possible. Say concluded that it must "never meddle in production" and, as a general principle, "[if] government intervention is an evil, a good government makes itself as unobtrusive as possible" because government "can unfortunately always rely upon the negligence, incompetence and odious condescensions of its own agents." (...)
In The Natural and Artificial Right of Property Contrasted (1832) TH proved what Bentham had feared in his "Anarchical Fallacies" (appropriateness of title in this context) by using natural law to defend property and individual liberty in such a way as to challenge the very existence of the state. In the opening few pages TH shows that he is looking forward to a liberal future in which all laws will have been repealed, all titles and distinctions of an "artificial" (i.e. state-created) nature will have been abolished, and when society will prosper without the lawmaker and the tax-gatherer (i.e. will live only by producing and exchanging what one has produced on the free market. (...)
The main characteristics of the régime of industry become clear from this passage: it is a society in which all must work by peaceful production and exchange, where there is no ruling class who exploit the labour of others, where government provides a small number of public services such as protection of personal liberty and property at minimal cost to the taxpayers, and where the government is freely chosen by election. Since Dunoyer readily admits that productive industrial activity has taken place in all societies from the state of savagery onwards, what makes an entire society "industrial" is the absence of an exploiting ruling class and the adoption by the productive “industrial” class of appropriate “industrial” values or morals. To the extent that a society has an organised class which lives by exploiting the labour of others and to the extent that the industrious classes are kept in a condition of dependence, to that extent
the society is feudal, despotic, or in some other way unfree.56 A similar situation exists with Dunoyer's definition of an "industrious or industrial people." All societies must have an industrious class to some extent in order to produce the surpluses upon which the ruling class lives. After all, a parasite cannot live independently of the host's body. But an entire people become "industrious" only when they have won a political victory over their erstwhile rulers, either by forcing them to give up their unproductive ways and to "dissolve themselves" into the working classes (a highly unlikely prospect) or by acquiring a political ascendancy over them, thus rendering them powerless to continue exploiting others.
http://davidmhart.com/liberty/Papers...yState1997.pdf
Alltså, det är uppenbart vilka rötter libertarianismen har och det är ifrån rörelser som stöttar fria marknader och individens rätt att bestämma över sig själv.