2010-03-03, 16:40
#73
Citat:
Ursprungligen postat av sp3tt
Okej, vilken "liberal" förespråkade det "i början"? John Locke? Ricardo?
Adam Smith, John Locke, David Ricardo, et.c. förespråkade alla ett samhälle som ni antagligen ser som "icke-liberalt".
Smith
"What Adam Smith actually advised was that the wrong interventions in a commercial market by government should be, first, reversed and secondly those wrong interventions should be avoided, and other interventions of governments should be encouraged ... In fact, Adam Smith advised that certain interventions, not in his time undertaken with much consistency by government, should be undertaken as soon as possible.
For example, besides government expenditures on defence against foreign invasions ... and on the provision of systems of justice, minimally such as independent judges, jury trials, Habeas Corpus, and the rule of law, not men ... He suggested what amounted to a substantial public investment in public works, such as roads ... public bridges, safe harbours, and canals, as well as public investment in a national educational system through a ‘little school’ in every parish (about 60,000 of them!) to educate all boys between 6 and 14 ... Public expenditure was to be paid for initially from taxation on the richer sectors of the population ... Government also should develop the postal service for public use ... it should provide assay officers to determine hallmarks on gold and silver bullion, and on quality standards of woollen goods, cloths and paper. It should also run an official mint to guarantee the purity of the coinage. He also was in favour of a central bank (the Bank of England) to manage government debt and to introduce necessary regulations to stop drawing and redrawing bills of credit and over-trading, to set maximum interest rates, and the minimum amount denominated on the promissory paper notes issued by private banks.
Altogether, this is a formidable list even for the 18th century, contrary to his modern image of him being against government intervention on some sort of laissez-faire (incidentally, a term Smith never used) principle."
http://adamsmithslostlegacy.com/2009...ervention.html
Ricardo
I "The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation" förespråkar ju Ricardo alla möjliga typer av skatter; men motsätter sig även sådana som han ser som orättvisa:
"Ricardo endorsed Smith’s four tax “maxims”--equity, convenience, transparency, and efficiency ... He agreed that broadly based taxes are more efficient and fair than taxes aimed at specific lines of business or imposed on specific commodities..."
http://www.heartland.org/budgetandta..._on_Taxes.html
Locke
Locke förespråkade också beskattning och att staten har en aktiv roll i samhället. Han krävde visserligen medgivande till beskattning; men använde "folkets medgivande" på ett ytterst kollektivistiskt sätt - dvs medgivandet att bli beskattad låg inte på individnivå, utan de representanter folket röstar fram har rätten att avgöra om folket ska beskattas eller inte.
"It is true governments cannot be supported without great charge, and it is fit every one who enjoys his share of the protection should pay out of his estate his proportion for the maintenance of it. But still it must be with his own consent - i.e., the consent of the majority, giving it either by themselves or their representatives chosen by them..."
(John Locke, "Second Treatise of Government")
För de klassiska liberalerna handlade inställningen till t.ex. skatter och statlig intervention i regel om vilken form av beskattning och intervention som är effektiv och rättvis - och därmed "bra" (vilket iofs uteslöt många former av beskattning och intervention) - hellre än ett avståndstagande från intervention och beskattning. De tog i regel t.ex. beskattning som något givet - något som staten ska syssla med, vilket inte krävde någon ytterligare förklaring än t.ex. Lockes samhällskontrakt; frågan var bara hur skatterna skulle utformas. Klassisk liberalism - speciellt i Smiths tappning - är i den bemärkelsen bra mycket mer lik socialliberalism än nyliberalism eller anarkokapitalism. Etatism var det absolut, trots vissa moderna historerevisionister som vill mena annat
__________________
Senast redigerad av BRT 2010-03-03 kl. 16:51.
Senast redigerad av BRT 2010-03-03 kl. 16:51.